Immortal Gods Essays - Greek Mythology, Discworld Gods,

Immortal Gods By Joshua Vukelich. In the immoral world of Ovid's The Metamorphoses the gods stand out like the characters of a western dime novel. A hero, usually is dressed with their purple robes held together with golden straps, that classifies them as the royal or hierarchical gods. On the other hand, you have the villain, who dresses in dark colored clothing. Also, the villain can appear dressed in white with purple clothing which exemplifies the royalty of their underworld. The gods meet each other on a day to day basis discussing the future of someone other than themselves in their muggy saloon of Olympus. Olympus to the gods is the pulse and heart beat of their world. At this saloon in Olympus the usual takes place, the gambling of moral souls, while speculating the beautiful female that they will posses that evening, and so on. Also, you have the local disputes between the commonly known of the gods over disputes of pride, or of land an possessions, which usually ends up in a speculative fighting event of curses and destruction. Some analogies may be disputed as to how and where they derived? I will try to place them as best as possible into the spotlight of the western period. Before I begin I like to bring out a formula that will disrupt my defense, which by the end I would like to modify and re-state is as an "what if the gods lived in the western period with their mythological power?" The Western formula, which tends to portray the frontier as the "meeting point between civilization and savagery," because the clash of civilization ("law and order") with savagery, whether represented by Indians or lawless outlaws, generates dramatic excitement and striking antithesis without raising basic questions about society or about life in general. In the perspective of moral and immoral beings that Ovid presents in a mythological poetic voice translates well in an analytical western perspective. The image that comes to mind when placing the immoral gods of Olympus in a western setting is as difficult but humorous. First, is the gods, that is where do you place them, and in what category? We need to distinguish from the hero to the villain, while justifying the accurate setting for their events. Second, we need to identify how we are going to place the gods the western setting. Since they all appear to constantly meet and challenge each other the proper placement would be a dirty saloon in a the famous city of Olympus. This saloon will represent Olympus, where the travelers and locals will converse, gamble with the lives of the mortals, and speculate the dancing show girls of immortal goddess. However, in the immortal saloon of gods the education and strategies of fighting will differ from that of the western formula. The gods are no uneducated savages nor villains of low IQ. No, our gods are like top level executives or politicians running our country to their best. The gods will fight out their battle with superior levels of sophisticated planning. Through their battles instead of the help of dragons, curses, swords, shield, and other earth related objects that will assist them in battle, a six-piece shooter can be supplemented. The doors of the saloon stand as a symbol, a gateway between the immortal and mortal world. This door is the fuel of conflicts where the furies and quarrels will meet on a daily basis. What would be the purpose of the west or the gods if they lived one day without some form of destruction or curse? Through the same doors the servants will bring them their daily sacrifices and festive meals that fuel their next move. Mortals feared the gods so therefore, sacrifices where necessary in pleasing the mighty and strong. Sacrifices of animals kept the gods content, as like it did for the local real estate tycoon, collecting royalties for being who he was, and the fear he instilled into the ranchers souls of losing their possessions and dignity. It is almost as if the mythology and western scenes portrayed themselves in a similar fashion of settings, except with and upgrade. You could describe the difference as in a traveler who needed a room, and two hotels where in the same vicinity and at the same price. However, one was the Hilton and the other was a Motel Six, they are both hotels, except one is of a finer upgraded class and quality of service, which means that the level of living would be

The Social History of the Birth Control Pill

The Social History of the Birth Control Pill Free Online Research Papers Throughout history, women’s lacked essential freedoms due to their obligation to maintain the home and bear children. Women were raised to be modest and asexual until marriage. During marriage, women still had to be modest, but they were encouraged to be very sexual beings with their husbands to reproduce. However, the act of bearing and raising children consumed women’s lives. Women were required to stay in the home and be good, maternal beings. It was only until the invention of the birth control pill that women were able to truly take some control over their bodies and livelihood. The duty of bearing children came with many consequences. The actual act of bearing children was dangerous. Multiple pregnancies took a health toll on a woman’s body and the field of obstetrics was new in medical research. Raising multiple children was also economically inconvenient, especially to the working class. Even when a second income was necessary in a household, women had no time to enter the work force as they were too busy being mothers. Clearly, women were restricted to this one societal role. The concept of birth control was not new. Women had been trying many ways to prevent pregnancy. Many of the beliefs to prevent pregnancy were folklore. For example, one of the popular ways of preventing pregnancy was throwing an ear of corn into the river. If a woman threw an ear of corn into a river, she thought she was protected from pregnancy for the entire month (Crawford and Unger 147). The concept of birth control intrigued many women, especially those looking to spread their horizons outside of persistent motherhood. The campaigning for birth control quickly became a popular feminist movement. The Comstact Act of 1873 hindered the birth control movement in the United States. The Comstock Act became federal law that made it illegal to send any obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious materials through the mail including pornography, contraceptive devices, or information about contraception and abortion (Gordon 23). Without any access to birth control, or better yet the knowledge of it, women lacked the freedom to reproductive choice. Anthony Comstock was the early force behind restrictions on birth control. He was a devout Christian who believed that the majority of American society was becoming licentious due to the contraceptive industry. Comstock headed for Washington in 1872 to further his cause. In 1873, Congress passed the Comstock Act, which was aimed at stopping trade in obscene literature and immoral articles. It also targeted information on birth control devices, sexually transmitted diseases, human sexuality, and abortion (Gordon 24). In a 1915 article, Margaret Sanger refers to the Comstock Law saying, There is nothing which causes so much laughter or calls forth so many joking comments by people in Europe as Comstockery in America (Kennedy 13). She challenged the law in 1916 by opening up the first birth control clinic in America and in 1936 she helped bring the case of United States v. One Package to the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals (Kennedy 21). That decision allowed physicians to legally mail birth control devices and information throughout the country. Finally, in 1965, the Supreme Court case of Griswold v. Connecticut overturned the Comstock Law, ruling that the private use of contraceptives was a constitutional right (Kennedy 23). In America, it is commonly known that before World War I, society had the perception that woman’s primary function was to bear and raise children. Preparation for motherhood and marriage began shortly after a girl’s birth. Throughout a girl’s life, cleaning house and caring for children were the only skills that were taught to her. Women had no option to develop their individuality. Their status was identified with their husband’s status as â€Å"women were nothing more than property† (Crawford and Unger 101). The female role was a housewife and a mother, belonging to her husband. During World War I, women had to fend for themselves and their families without their husbands or fathers. During WWI some of the roles of women changed because they had to enter the work force to cover for the men off at war. However, by the 1930’s, the status of women in North America regressed. Men retook their jobs after WWI even though women finally maintained suffrage in 1920. By the Great Depression, because of the overwhelming rate of unemployment due to the depression, women were laid off before men (McCann 57). Many women ended up back in the home assuming traditional roles and regressing to their original status before WWI. Again, during World War II, women were once again thrown into the workforce. This was the beginning of the change in status and roles for women. However, women’s maternal roles were still continuing to hinder their equal entrance into the workforce with men. This provoked serious dedication to find a way to control pregnancy and motherhood. During this time, President Theodore Roosevelt shared a belief, held by the majority of politicians at the time, that families of America should act as servants of the state and should provide children to build national strength (McCann 50). This feeling in America was at the time when the industrialization was at its peak in the US and beginning to take hold else where in the world. Contraception was considered an ethical issue in that the majority of Americans believed it was a form of abortion and therefore immoral and was still enforced by the Comstock Laws. Gregory Pincus was an American physician, biologist, and researcher during the 20th Century. Early in his career he began studying hormonal biology and steroidal hormones, but his first breakthrough came in 1934 when was able to produce in vitro fertilization in rabbits (Kennedy 55). In 1953, Margaret Sanger and Katherine McCormick confronted Pincus with the idea of creating an oral contraceptive. He sought out Searle, a pharmaceutical company, about funding for their plan (58). Searles initial reaction was no because it jeopardized his company due to the austere birth control laws. Despite the fact that Searle had no intention of creating an oral contraceptive, Frank Colton, a chemist at the company, accidentally developed a type of one. Pincus was allowed to have samples of the drug for his research (60). In 1957 The Pill was released as a treatment for gynecological disorders. Finally, in 1960, it became FDA approved and by 1963, 1.2 million women were using it (62). Although Sear le was originally reluctant to fund research for an oral contraceptive, he soon reaped the rewards of the newly invented Pill, and monopolized the industry for a short time (63). Margaret Sanger watched her mother die at an early age, which was partly due to the stress of bearing eleven children. After her mothers death she worked as a nurse in New York City and saw many women die from childbirth and self-induced abortion. The horrors that she witnessed there caused her to devote much of her time to promoting birth control for women. She set up the first clinic in 1916 and founded the American Birth Control League in 1921 (Kennedy 12). She had always envisioned a birth control pill that would be much easier to use than the diaphragm. In 1950, she met up with Gregory Pincus, who researched her idea, and with Katherine McCormick, who funded it. Her exhaustive efforts paid off in 1960 when The Pill was finally approved and sold on the market. Katherine McCormick was born in 1875 to a wealthy Chicago family. Unlike many women of her time, she was granted the opportunity of attending college, but despite her education she married Stanley McCormick in 1904. However, two years after their marriage he developed schizophrenia and her life was greatly altered. She soon turned her focus to promoting the cause of womens suffrage. In 1917, McCormick met Margaret Sanger in Boston and they frequently kept in touch. During this time McCormick was devoted to researching schizophrenia while Margaret Sanger was adamant about pursuing the area of birth control. In 1947, McCormicks husband died and she was the heir to his $15 million fortune. She now decided to turn her attention to the birth control movement and joined forces with Sanger. With her astounding wealth, McCormick financed the majority of research and development of The Pill. Margaret Sanger dreamt of the idea of a birth control pill since she was a young woman. If she wasnt confined to the boundaries of her time, her and McCormick couldve researched and funded The Pill without the help of any male doctors or scientists. Unfortunately, the society that they lived in would not allow them to do so; they did go as far as they could. Many of their achievements go unnoticed, but both women were really the leading forces behind the development of The Pill. Margaret Sanger died in 1966 and Katherine McCormick in 1967, but fortunately, both lived to see their dream be fulfilled. Birth control appeared to be increasing isolation and mobility of the individual family (Birth Control in America). It allowed women to control the size of their family, and therefore taking control over their lives as well. Fewer children meant less work, more money, and more time for women. With the birth control movement, the family was reshaped in size from seven or eight children to what is more common today, two to three children. Perhaps this is because there were huge advancements for women that could come out of the use of birth control. However, only two issues were thought of in earnest during the period of the sexual revolution.† Margaret Sanger, who led the birth control movement and coined the term â€Å"birth control,† had said that â€Å"birth control is the first important step [a woman] must take towards the goal of[becoming] a man’s equal(Sanger B 1). Women no longer had to conform to the stereotypical name of mother and wife. This was great news for woman across the country, but it was threatening to most men. When sexual intercourse became shared and pregnancy became an option, the attitude shifted from child bearing to child rearing (Birth control in America). The second major issue to arise form birth control was the sense of independence that had entered the realm of feminism thanks to the option women now had to gain control of their own bodies. Women no longer had to enhance the masculine spirits but to express the feminine; the woman is not to preserve a man-made want but to create a human world by the fusion of the feminine element into all of its activities (Sanger A 36). The growing individualism of woman and the gathering support for the feminist cause can almost always be linked to the new power women had found at their fingertips with birth control. A promotion of the feminine spirit as a person and not as a servant to her husband could be seen in all of Sangers writings on why the practice of birth control was â€Å"so important in creating higher individuality† for women (Sanger B 3). Another important point which developed from the spread of knowledge and use of birth control was that it gave women the ability to pursue careers without having to go straight into motherhood. A woman could be sexually active and not worry about losing her job because of unplanned pregnancy. This also helped promote women in the workforce as the concept of birth control guaranteed a woman’s dedication to her job. It is true that birth control may not have been the sole factor in the womens movement and freedom of self, but without this key element the struggle would have been longer and harder. Birth control changed family size and structure. It gave women a new sexual freedom with their own body. It gave women a voice and their own identity, which in turn allowed them to have an identity that separates from their spouses. Birth control helped shift slightly the balance of power from only being masculine to shared between the sexes. The popularity of the birth control pill and this feminist movement has made a major impact on the difference of the roles and lifestyles of women. Today there are many women choosing to stay dedicated to their careers and decide when and if they want to have children. There is also less of a social stigma towards childless women because of birth control. WORKS CITED Crawford, Mary, and Rhoda Unger. Women and Gender: A Feminist Psychology. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Gordon, Linda. The Moral Property of Women: A History of Birth Control Practices in America. New York: Grossman Publishers, 1976. Kennedy, David M. Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970. McCann, Carole R. Birth Control Politics in the United States: 1916 – 1945. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994. Schulz, Amy J., and Leith Mullings. Gender, Race, Class, Health. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2006. Research Papers on The Social History of the Birth Control PillPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Fifth Horseman19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationQuebec and CanadaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Organising the classroom for ADHD pupils Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Organising the classroom for ADHD pupils - Essay Example anifested the classic signs of ADHD including hyperactivity, short attention span, easy distractibility, class disruptiveness, impulsivity and inattentiveness. Due to his symptoms, he was also having difficulty keeping up with the class lessons. The importance of having to secure a conducive learning environment for him became a necessity especially when the student was falling well behind his other classmates. A plan was established in order to provide support for the student and to ensure his full and effective participation. The student had one-on-one support for his daily lessons, however, this was not working well for the student as different teaching assistants were assigned to him for each subject. The different approaches of the teaching assistants made the situation even more difficult for the student to adapt to. After the teachers and teaching assistants met and discussed the student’s case, it was suggested that there was a need to make changes in the classroom in order to ensure more efficient outcomes. It was suggested that the student needed to have only one teaching assistant assigned to him for his daily lessons. This would help provide consistency and discipline for his lessons and his learning. The reflective process and model which would be applied for this essay would be the Gibbs reflection style. This reflective style provides specific details on the different events surrounding the critical incident. The actions and decisions involving the incident will then be critically assessed and analyzed, applying evidence-based research in order to provide sufficient support and logic for the actions made (Jasper, 2003). This reflective model includes a description of the event, the feelings during the incident, the evaluation of the incident, an analysis of the incident, and an action plan for the incident (Jasper, 2003). A description of the incident is already provided above. In relation to the feelings encountered, I felt that the

2010 BP oil spill Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

2010 BP oil spill - Research Paper Example It was under lease of British Petroleum. At the time of the explosion, drilling was going on for an exploratory well at depths of about 5000 feet. The well was almost complete; cementing was being carried out by the Halliburton Energy Services after which the well could be used as a subsea producer later. However, this did not happen. On 20th April, 2010, methane gas shot up from the well all the way to the rig. It expanded on the platform, caught fire and the rig exploded. All but eleven workers were saved through rescue efforts and lifeboats. An oil leak was found on April 22, when oil started surfacing from the location of the rig. According to official estimates of August 2, about 62000 barrels of oil per day has escaped the well into the water, endangering the environment and submarine life (Channel 4 News, 2010). An investigation was launched on the day the oil spill started appearing on the surface. The whole fiasco has gotten extensive media coverage where BP has been considered primarily responsible for being negligent about some parts of the rig, which were not directly related to the cause of the explosion. There is still no explanation of why the rig exploded and caught fire, or whey the safety mechanics did not work at the rig. BP’s CEO took full responsibility of the incident, promising to pay everything and person who has been affected from this fiasco. The media as well as the government has held BP responsible for the fiasco. Reports have been made that a rig technician kept missing the key signals while being on a smoke break, that the oil rig was about to blow. This is a serious mistake on the part of the technician that is still costing BP and the environment. Settlements are being made by the company to all those who have been affected; cleaning efforts are also taking place by the organization of cleaning the shores and making it oil free so that the marine habitat isn’t at stake (Reuters, 2010). Although on

Conscious Performance Analysis or CPA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Conscious Performance Analysis or CPA - Essay Example In fact, being a skeptic, I would say that there is plenty of evidence to support the notion that most people do not invest any time into going beyond the Wondering Operation that involves attending to what interests them and ignoring what is of no interest. Critical Operations follow for those who find CPA a useful exercise, but unfortunately, most people find interest only in superficiality of the bag of chips they are devouring while sitting on their couch in front of their big screen watching Dancing with the Stars. The popularity of such superficial and meaningless programming as well as the rising obesity rates proves this assertion, or at least makes a very strong argument in favor of the assertion. The real value in CPA comes from the fact that it can lead people out of that inattentive, lazy place into a more enlightened, more examined life that truly is worth living. Americans especially, but I am sure that it occurs in other countries too, are lazy. The effort required to perform CPA and to do so on a regular basis is much more than most people have in them. So, those who do actively seek meaning, objectivity, knowledge, truth, reality, and value, even if they do not realize that they are performing CPA, are few and far between. To me to assume that most people do want to find greater meaning in their lives seems optimistic. One would have to credit the general population with a lot more gumption than I am willing to credit them with, but only because I see the results of the general ennui of society. Nobody cares for each other and only in a genuine concern for each other can life actually have meaning. People only care about themselves and it is proven day in and day out. Take Black Friday for example. Shoppers stepped around and over a dying man and sprayed each other with pepper spray just to be first to get a cheap video game console so they can go home and resume being lazy in front of the television. These sorts of examples do not bode well fo r the future of humanity These pepper-spraying, bargain hunting people are only one kind of people, of course, and CPA does â€Å"distinguish types of subjects by the kinds of meaning they’re most interested in, the kinds of knowledge they most desire, the domains of reality they inhabit and in which they’re most comfortable, the kinds of values that concern them most† (87). Another kind of subject would be those at the other end of the spectrum, those who genuinely seek meaningful purpose in their lives through self-knowledge and self-possession. These people exhibit a basic commitment toward meaning, objectivity, knowledge, truth, reality, and value by wondering about the way they approach the events of their lives, and by critically analyzing not only the content and sequence of the events, but also their method of experiencing the events. Using CPA allows a person to experience life’s events more fully. After learning about CPA, I thought of some of t he past moments of my life and realized that some of them passed by and now I have few memories of them. For instance, I only vaguely remember my high school graduation. That is a pretty important day, but I just remember being nervous and not really wanting to walk across the stage in my clunky shoes to get my diploma. I thought for sure I was going to trip and fall. I do not remember being proud, just glad that I was finished with that portion of my life and ready to move on with the next. I do not remember any great feeling of achievement either. However, now looking back I see my high school graduation as a sign post in my life. When the principal of my school handed me that

Cooling Method Of The Transformer Engineering Essay

Cooling Method Of The Transformer Engineering Essay One of the most important and ubiquitous electrical machines is the transformer. It receives power at one voltage and delivers it at another. This conversion aids the efficient long-distance transmission of electrical power form generating stations. Since power lines incur significant power losses, it is important to minimize these losses by the use of high voltages. The same power can be delivered by high-voltage circuits at a fraction of the current required for low-voltage circuits. The design of the magnetic circuit, the core of the transformer, will first be considered. The significance of the no-load behavior of the transformer is explained and of the magnetizing current which exists under all operating condition. The common form of transformer involves a ferromagnetic core in order to ensure high value of magnetic flux linkage. This is also true of the rotating machine. Although transformers are generally associated with power system applications, they also occur in many low power application including electronic circuits. Transformers effect changes of voltage with virtually no loss of power. BASIC PRINCIPLES The transformer is based on two principles: firstly, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field (electromagnetism) and secondly that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil (electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil. An ideal transformer is shown in the adjacent figure. Current passing through the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, such as iron, so that most of the magnetic flux passes through both primary and secondary coils. INDUCTION LAW The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faradays law of induction, which states that: Where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the secondary coil and ÃŽÂ ¦ equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil are oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic field strength B and the area A through which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core, whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary. Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals Taking the ratio of the two equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for stepping up or stepping down the voltage ENERGY LOSSES An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would be 100% efficient. In practical transformers energy is dissipated in the windings, core, and surrounding structures. Larger transformers are generally more efficient, and those rated for electricity distribution usually perform better than 98%. Experimental transformers using superconducting windings achieve efficiencies of 99.85%,While the increase in efficiency is small, when applied to large heavily-loaded transformers the annual savings in energy losses are significant. A small transformer, such as a plug-in wall-wart or power adapter type used for low-power consumer electronics, may be no more than 85% efficient, with considerable loss even when not supplying any load. Though individual power loss is small, the aggregate losses from the very large number of such devices is coming under increased scrutiny. The losses vary with load current, and may be expressed as no-load or full-load loss. Winding resistance dominates load losses, whereas hysteresis and eddy currents losses contribute to over 99% of the no-load loss. The no-load loss can be significant, meaning that even an idle transformer constitutes a drain on an electrical supply, which encourages development of low-loss transformers (also see energy efficient transformer). Transformer losses are divided into losses in the windings, termed copper loss, and those in the magnetic circuit, termed iron loss. Losses in the transformer arise from: WINDING RESISTANCE Current flowing through the windings causes resistive heating of the conductors. At higher frequencies, skin effect and proximity effect create additional winding resistance and losses. HYSTERESIS LOSSES Each time the magnetic field is reversed, a small amount of energy is lost due to hysteresis within the core. For a given core material, the loss is proportional to the frequency, and is a function of the peak flux density to which it is subjected. EDDY CURRENTS Ferromagnetic materials are also good conductors, and a solid core made from such a material also constitutes a single short-circuited turn throughout its entire length. Eddy currents therefore circulate within the core in a plane normal to the flux, and are responsible for resistive heating of the core material. The eddy current loss is a complex function of the square of supply frequency and Inverse Square of the material thickness. MAGNETOSTRICTION Magnetic flux in a ferromagnetic material, such as the core, causes it to physically expand and contract slightly with each cycle of the magnetic field, an effect known as magnetostriction. This produces the buzzing sound commonly associated with transformers, and in turn causes losses due to frictional heating in susceptible cores. MECHANICAL LOSSES In addition to magnetostriction, the alternating magnetic field causes fluctuating electromagnetic forces between the primary and secondary windings. These incite vibrations within nearby metalwork, adding to the buzzing noise, and consuming a small amount of power. STRAY LOSSES Leakage inductance is by itself largely lossless, since energy supplied to its magnetic fields is returned to the supply with the next half-cycle. However, any leakage flux that intercepts nearby conductive materials such as the transformers support structure will give rise to eddy currents and be converted to heat. There are also radiative losses due to the oscillating magnetic field, but these are usually small. DOT CONVENTION It is common in transformer schematic symbols for there to be a dot at the end of each coil within a transformer, particularly for transformers with multiple windings on either or both of the primary and secondary sides. The purpose of the dots is to indicate the direction of each winding relative to the other windings in the transformer. Voltages at the dot end of each winding are in phase, while current flowing into the dot end of a primary coil will result in current flowing out of the dot end of a secondary coil. TYPE OF TRANSFORMER There are many types of transformer is there one of them is Air-cored transformer. The air-cored transformer may literally consist of two concentric coils which have nothing but air within the coils. This immediately has the advantage that the magnetizing current has exactly the same waveform as the voltage to which it is related. It has the very significant disadvantage that it is difficult to produce the necessary magnetic flux to generate the appropriate e.m.f. LEAKAGE FLUX The ideal transformer model assumes that all flux generated by the primary winding links all the turns of every winding, including itself. In practice, some flux traverses paths that take it outside the windings. Such flux is termed leakage flux, and results in leakage inductance in series with the mutually coupled transformer windings. Leakage results in energy being alternately stored in and discharged from the magnetic fields with each cycle of the power supply. It is not directly a power loss (see Stray losses below), but results in inferior voltage regulation, causing the secondary voltage to fail to be directly proportional to the primary, particularly under heavy load. Transformers are therefore normally designed to have very low leakage inductance. However, in some applications, leakage can be a desirable property, and long magnetic paths, air gaps, or magnetic bypass shunts may be deliberately introduced to a transformers design to limit the short-circuit current it will supply. Leaky transformers may be used to supply loads that exhibit negative resistance, such as electric arcs, mercury vapor lamps, and neon signs; or for safely handling loads that become periodically short-circuited such as electric arc welders. Air gaps are also used to keep a transformer from saturating, especially audio-frequency transformers in circuits that have a direct current flowing through the windings. COOLING METHOD OF TRANSFORMER Oil is used to cool the transformer. It also provide part of the electrical insulation between internal line parts, transformer oil must remain stable at high temperature for an extended period. Very large or high-power transformer may also have cooling fans, oil pumps, and even oil-to-water heat exchangers. Cooling fan is used in transformer. High temperatures will damage the winding insulation. Small transformers do not generate significant heat and are cooled by air circulation and radiation of heat. Power transformers rated up to several hundred kVA can be adequately cooled by natural convective air-cooling, sometimes assisted by fans. Power transformer rated up to a few KVA can be adequately cooled by natural convective air-cooling, sometimes assisted by fans. Some power transformers are immersed in specialized transformer oil that acts both as a cooling medium, thereby extending the lifetime of the insulation transformer. The transformer gets heated due the iron and copper losses occurring in them. It is necessary to dissipate this heat so that the temperature of the winding is kept below the value at which the insulation begins to deteriorate. The cooling of transformer is more difficult than the rotating machines because these machines create a turbulent air flow, which assists in removing the heat generated due losses. Luckily the losses in transformers are comparatively small. According to cooling system there are two types of transformer 1-> ONAN oil natural air natural 2-> ONAF oil natural air forced Oil natural by means a number of radiators with air natural flow. The radiator is fixed to the tank through individual cut-off valves, provided with a handle operate closing device in line with the radiator connector pipe position, indicate open position of the valve. LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER An ideal transformer would have no energy losses, and would therefore be 100% efficient. In practical transformers energy is dissipated in the windings, core , and surrounding structure. TRANSFORMER OIL TEST Transformer oil can give better insulation level to operate the transformer. It also is a coolant to carry the heat away from the electrical transformer windings and iron core to the cooling radiators on the side of the oil filled transformer. If there is no better insulation level, it produced short circuit in the transformer. There for transformer oil should be checked. Normally moisture and other liquids are mixed with oil, the insulation level is reduced. Normally we can see the silica gel for absorb the moisture of transformer. Also there is an equipment to check the insulation level of transformer. TRANSFORMER OIL Transformer oil, or insulating oil, is usually a highly- refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil-filled transformer, some types of high voltage capacitors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and some types of high voltage switches and circuit breakers. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and arcing, and to serve as a coolant. EXPLANATION The oils help cool the transformer. Because it also provides part of the electrical insulation between internal live parts, transformer oil must remain stable at high temperatures for an extended period. To improve cooling of large power transformers, the oil-filled tank may have external radiators through which the oil circulates by natural convection. Very large or high-power transformer may also have cooling fans, oil pumps, and even oil-to-water heat exchangers. Large, high voltage transformers undergo prolonged drying processes, using electrical self-heating, the application of a vacuum, or both to ensure that the transformer is completely free of water of water vapor before the cooling oil is introduced. This helps prevent corona formation and subsequent electrical breakdown under load. Oil filled transformer with a conservator tend to be equipped with Buchholz relays. These are safety devices that detect the build of gases inside the transformer and switch off the transformer. Transformer without conservators is usually equipped with sudden pressure relays, which perform a similar function as the Buchholz relay. The flash point and pour point are 140 degree c and -6 degree c respectively. The dielectric strength of new untreated oil is 12MV/m and after treatment it should be > 24MV/M. Large transformer for indoor use must either be of the dry type, that is, containing no liquid, or use a less-flammable liquid. Well into the 1970, polychlorinated biphenyls were often used as a dielectric fluid since they are not flammable. They are toxic, and under incomplete combustion, can form highly toxic products such as furan. Starting in early 1970, concern about the toxicity of PCBs have led to their banning in many countries. Today, non-toxic, stable silicone-based or fluorinated hydrocarbons are used, where the added expense of a fire-resistant liquid offsets additional building cost for a transformer vault. Combustion- resistant vegetable oil-based dielectric coolants and synthetic pentaerythritol tetra fatty acid, ester is also becoming increasingly common as alternatives to naphthenic mineral oil. Esters are non-toxic to aquatic life, readily biodegradable, and have a lower volatility and higher flash points than minerals oil. COOLING PRODUCTS Transformer oil acts as an insulating and cooling medium in transformers. The insulating oil fills up pores in fibrous insulation and also the gaps between the coil conductors and the spacing between the siding and the tank, and thus increases the dielectric strength of the insulation. A transformer in operation generates heat in the winding, and that heat is transferred to the oil. Heated oil then flows to the radiators by convection. Oil supplied from the radiators, being cooler, cools the winding. There are several important properties such as dielectric strength, flash point, viscosity, specific gravity and pour point and all of them have to be considered when qualifying oil for use in transformers. Normally mineral oil is used, but coconut oil has been shown to possess all the properties needed to function as an environmentally friendly and economic replacement to the mineral oil for this purpose. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AIR COOLED TRANSFORMER AND OIL IMMERSED TRANSFORMER The basic difference between the air cooled transformer and oil immersed transformer is: If the heat generated in the transformer winding is capable of being swapped by the surrounding ambient air without causing any problem to the performance of the transformer then its normally reffered as Naturally Air Cooled transformer or simply air cooled transformer. However when the capacity of the transformer increases, the heat generated in the winding of the transformer is more and the ambient air normally is inadequate to cool the windings and maintain the performance of the transformer. Its because of this reason the transformer windings are submerged in an oil tank. It has been observed that the hydrogen ions present in oil help to maintain the temperature of the winding of the transformer and thus overall performance of transformer. EFFECT OF FREQUENCY The time-derivative term in Faradays Law shows that the flux in the core is the integral with respect to time of the applied voltage. Hypothetically an ideal transformer would work with direct-current excitation, with the core flux increasing linearly with time. In practice, the flux would rise to the point where magnetic saturation of the core occurs, causing a huge increase in the magnetizing current and overheating the transformer. All practical transformers must therefore operate with alternating (or pulsed) current.

Thank You for Smoking Essay -- Peter Brimelow Tobacco Health Essays

Thank You for Smoking â€Å"Take another drag. That’s good for you.† One might not hear that everyday, but Peter Brimelow’s â€Å"Thank You for Smoking†¦?† is a very well written deductive argument that may have you believing that statement by the time you’re done reading his article. Brimelow’s argument is clearly inductive because he presents his samples right away which lead to generalizations that are drawn from those examples (McFadden). Brimelow comes right out early in the argument and informs the reader smoking can be beneficial to one’s health (141). Brimelow makes it clearly evident throughout the article that smoking is good for one’s health which is his major claim. The major claim is also known as a thesis (McFadden). Because most Americans have heard repetitively from the time they were little that smoking is bad for your health, Brimelow needs to provide valuable information to sway his audience. In this argument, he does a really good job of doing just that. Brimelow uses grounds, which are evidence and facts that support the major claim, to back up his argument (McFadden 2003) Parkinson’s disease among smokers appears to be half the rate of non-smokers. Alzheimer’s disease has been found to be as much as 50% less among smokers than non-smokers. Smoking may be responsible for what appears to be a 50% lower rate of prostate cancer among smokers` (142). These were a few of the statistics Brimelow provided to show how smoking may help prevent certain diseases. He didn’t stop there. On page 141 Brimelow documented the outcome of studies performed by D.M. Warburton that showed cigarettes to stimulate alertness, dexterity, and cognitive capacity. These grounds presented by Brimelow attract the audience... ...ke away from the power of Brimelow’s argument. Overall, Brimelow has a strong argument going here. He clearly has stated his claim and has strengthened it with powerful grounds, warrants, and backing. He exhibited skill in providing qualifiers and bringing up rebuttals and counter-claims. Brimelow falls short in a few areas of the argument. By using some fallacies and hasty generalizations Brimelow takes away from his strong argument. With some modifications in a few areas Brimelow would have a very good argument. Works Cited Brimelow, Peter, â€Å"Thank You for Smoking...?† The Genre of Argument Ed. Irene L. Clark Boston: Thomson/Heinle, 1998. 141-143 Clark, Irene L. The Genre of an Argument. Boston: Thomson/Heinle, 1998. McFadden, James. The Toulmin Method: From Classical Logic to Modern Argumentation. 2003. Buena Vista University. Storm Lake, IA

Knowledge Management Tools: Component Technologies Essay

The internet provides a multitude of vendors promising to transform our business. But , we have to know which approaches should be adopt to examine the component technologies that make up a knowledge management system or suite. The analogy of hi-fi is used where each item has a certain function or purpose. The multitude of KM system on offer in the marketplace is seen as a composite variation of a number of these component technologies. Firms may decide to buy different component-of-the-shelf or develop their own tools to meet their needs. Organising knowledge tools Ontology and Taxonomy Grubber (1993) defines ontology as â€Å"a formal explicit of shared conceptualism†. It helps us on preventing wide variations on understanding or perspective to the same subject. Therefore, we have to developed ‘ontology’ to improve our level of information organization, management, and understanding. In the context of KM tools, the term ontology is often used interchangeability with taxonomy. To clarify the distinction, it’s important to recognize that an ontology is overall conceptualism whereas taxonomy is a scientifically based scheme of classification. An ontology may have non taxonomic conceptual relationship such as ‘has part’ relationship between concepts. In contrast, knowledge taxonomy generate hierarchical classification of terms that are structured to show relationship between them. When it comes time to implement ontologies and taxonomies there are three options:  · develop the ontology then develop the supporting taxonomy.  · develop taxonomy and then develop the over-arching ontology  · develop the two in parallel. Define your scope The first step in developing the combined ontology and taxonomy is to clearly scope the effort. A clearly defined scope is critical to the success of the effort. The question that can best help shape the scope of the effort is simply, what purpose will the combined ontology and taxonomy serve? The answer to this question serves several purposes:  · It sets bounds on the effort. These bounds are necessary to answering the basic managerial questions of how long will it take, and how much will it cost.  · It helps identify the primary domains and perspectives to be included.  · It should identify the specific business activities that will make direct use of the ontologies and taxonomies and how the resulting knowledge will be used to accomplish their mission. Normally the answer to this question will fall into one of three categories:  · To serve as a common framework for knowledge sharing.  · To enable reuse of existing domain knowledge.  · To a better understand what the organization knows by separating domain knowledge from the operational knowledge and making assumptions explicit. The first two of these, knowledge sharing and reuse are at the heart of most KM initiatives. Answers falling into the third category are indicative of advanced KM or academic initiatives. The following steps are applicable to all three scenarios and are specifically targeted toward those efforts focusing on knowledge sharing and reuse. Check for Existing Ontologies and Taxonomies Business operations today are also often dependent on, or required to adhere to one or more industry standards and may interface with applications that make use of existing ontologies or controlled vocabularies. For that reason, it is often best to use preexisting taxonomies and ontologies before launching into an extensive and possibly expensive development effort. Identify Important Terms If it is determined that existing ontologies and taxonomies are insufficient to meet the scope of the effort, then it is time to start collecting the raw materials for the new structures. This starts with identifying the key terms that are used to express the knowledge needed to enable specific business activities. At this point, it is important to list of all terms used to make statements or to explain to someone else what is needed to accomplish the business activities included within the scope of the effort. These can normally be found in corporate policy or operational instructions and from people with expertise in the activities. While gathering these terms it is important to stay within the scope of the effort. Incorporating the full lexicon for a large multi-national conglomerate may look like a major accomplishment, but it will not help build an effective knowledge environment if the scope of the effort is smaller. Rather, the broader scope will make it more difficult to marr y the concepts of the field to those used by the people you are trying to support. Define the Class Hierarchy Armed with the terms and concepts that are critical to expressing the knowledge needed to enable those business activities to be supported, the next step is to define a class hierarchy. Again, there are three ways to do this:  · Work from the top down. Start by identifying the general concepts (super-class identification) and then determine which of the others fall within those categories (subclass identification).  · Work from the bottom up . Start by developing cluster of related concepts (subclass grouping) and then look for the higher-order concepts that under which a given cluster of concepts might fall (super-class identification)  · Work from the top down and bottom up. This starts with the identification of the more important concepts first and then generalize and specialize them appropriately. The authors have found that this approach is the easiest to follow and has a lower risk of getting mired in the â€Å"semantic swamp.† When organizing terms and concepts t he basic formula is: If a class A is a super class of class B, then every instance of B is also an instance of A. In other words, the class B represents a concept that is a â€Å"kind of† A. As the class structure for your domain begins to take shape, check how well it expresses the way the people that are actually involved in the associated activates actually talk about what they are doing. Make sure that it reflects the actual context in which it will be used. The language of practical ontology or taxonomy should not to require the user to stop and translate between the way they normally think about things and the â€Å"official† term. This is also the time to make sure that the vocabulary used to express the hierarchical class structure agrees with the real-world (and agreed upon) vocabulary and accurately serves to classify the information that will need to be exchanged between the people and applications involved in meeting the targeted activities. When these conditions occur, the clas s hierarchical effectively becomes the upper-layers of the taxonomy. This is a critical factor in insuring on-going semantic alignment between the resulting ontology and taxonomy.

Why Did Alexander Invade the Persian Territory Essays

Why Did Alexander Invade the Persian Territory Essays Why Did Alexander Invade the Persian Territory Paper Why Did Alexander Invade the Persian Territory Paper HST 225- 01-TRACEY MARTIN -042267773â€Å"ALEXANDER THE GREAT AND THE HELLENISTIC AGE. †Why did Alexander invade the Persian territory? The question on why Alexander invaded the Persian territory has only been guessed at by historians in the past. The true reason why, may never be known. What is known however is the fact that Alexander had continued what many before him had done, invade the Persian territory. Rome and Parthia, had first clashed after Pompey had annexed the Syrian rump of the Seleucid empire in 64B. C. , then there was Crassus in 53B. C. , who was governor of Syria at the time, and was eager for glory, only to be destroyed by the Parthian horse arches. Then after Crassus we know there was also Caesar, who had planned an invasion only to be assassinated before he was able to see his plans take place. We know that even Alexander’s father Phillip, had planned an invasion of the Persian territory prior to his death, which could be seen as a reason behind Alexander’s decision to invade. Alexander had admired his father Phillip, and was known to be loyal to his father’s intentions, with his father wanting to reclaim the cities which had been lost to them. Alexander himself, would have wanted to accomplish the same. By reclaiming the cities, he also would have succeeded not only in rebuilding the empire, but also fulfilling one of his father’s intentions, and in his own mind, making up for his previous errors. Other factor’s were also considered to be behind Alexander’s invasion, such as, the fact that there was still a lot of bitter feelings from the cities that had been burnt by the Persian’s years before, along with wanting to claim the trading routes to the east, all which were considered to be strong motivations behind his reasons for invading the Persian territory. Persia has always been considered one of the richest empires at the time, trading routes and financial gain was always a strong motive for invasion. Even with peace treaties worked out with neighbouring empires, it never took long for a reason to warrant an invasion. It is also believed that Alexander’s financial position at the time was a contributing factor to his invasion of the Persian territory. Although, it is reported that Alexander had inherited gold mines, it is also reported that Alexander also inherited debts. Where we have Quintus Curtius, who goes onto state that Alexander was reported as saying that the entire royal assets were no-more than 60 talents at a time. Where according to Plutarch, Alexander was reported to have given most of his estates away in Macedonia. Plutarch even goes on to quote Aristobulus as stating that Alexander had no more than 70 talents to provision his army with. Even though Alexander had inherited the gold mines that did indeed supply him with a good income flow, the cost to Alexander running armies the size he had was quite expensive, which explains the writers as all agreeing that Alexander was in a poor financial situation at the time of the invasion of the Asia Minor, where it is implied by Durius, that the funds Alexander had, was only enough to last for a period of 30 days for supplies. Both Plutarch and Arrian agree that Alexander has indeed amassed a considerable debt, just with the upkeep of keeping his army functioning. The differences with the two accounts, is basically stated by Plutarch, who admits to using multiple sources for the information he has obtained following Alexander. Arrian, more than likely had used many of the same sources as Plutarch to gather a majority of his information. With Alexander’s father’s death, which Alexander quickly ascended to the throne of Macedonian, he had to quickly dispose of all of his enemies by ordering their exercusions, his father’s death had caused a lot of rebellion with the conquered nation, in which the Greeks had also seen as a chance for independence. Alexander was forced to act quickly to gain control, by the end of 336B. C, there was no choice but to except Alexander’s authority. Alexander had become enraged when rumors of his death had reached him, and he found out a major revolt had engulfed the nation. Alexander was quick in covering the 240 miles, and was quick in letting them know that he was still in fact alive, and that it wasn’t too late for them to cahance their minds. Since his father’s death, everything seemed to move quickly for Alexander, and even with all that was going on around him, and his financial situation, there may not have been any other option left open to him than to invade the Persian territory. One thing that we do know about the invasion is, the writers all tend to agree that it was around the spring. When learning about Alexander and his invasion of the Persian territory, it became a puzzle working out the different information supplied by the ancient writers on the reasons why he invaded along with the number of the infantry involved with many other aspects involved. We are told in Arrian,30,000 infantry, including light troops and archers and over 5,000 cavalry were used. Diodorus who (17. 17) gives a list of Alexander’s forces after the crossing into Asia totaling 32,000 infantry and 5,100 cavalry. The higher number for infantry (43,000; 40,000) as they state the extra number involved may have included the troops who were in Asia. As for the inconsistency in the number of the infantry and the cavalry involved used is unknown. One reason the writers may have accounted for this, could be how each leader that came, would either add to their numbers or divide their numbers and assigned them to different sections in need of protection, even though when reading Arrian, in the footnotes 38, an explanation for the discrepancy in numbers is explained as the possibility of the numbers in Asia at the time may have been included in the calculation of all involved in Alexander’s campaign. As for the reason why Alexander invaded Persian territory, is only one, that historians can guess at from the many accounts that have been written. However, Polybius makes the better assumption in Polybius, 111. 6, One thing that can’t be argued is that Alexander had proven himself to be not only a great military, but a great leader in general. [ 1 ]. Quintus Curtius: 10. 2. 24 [ 2 ]. Plutarch doc 3a â€Å" in Austin† pg-27. [ 3 ]. Plutarch doc 3a [ 4 ]. Arrian 7. 8-9 [ 5 ]. http//www. historyofmacedonia. org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat. html. cited 12/6/2011 [ 6 ]. Arrian, 1. 11. 3 â€Å"states, the start of the next campaigning season†, which according to Arrian 1. 10 ( footnote 32) The Great Mysteries of Demeter were celebrated at Eleusis from the 15th to the 23rd of the Attic month Boedromion, corresponding to Sep/ Oct. 7 ]. Arrian 11:37-38 [ 8 ]. Arrian ( footnote 38) [ 9 ]. Polybius, 111. 6 pg23-24. Arrian, â€Å" The Reign of Alexander. †BIOGRAPHIES:Ancient sources. Quintus CurtiusPlutarchArrianPolybiusModern;Austin,M. (2ND ED. 1994) The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest† The reign of Alexander . ( Cambridge university press)http/www. historyofmacedonia. org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat. html. cited 12/6/2011

Free Essays on From The French Revolution To WWI

â€Å"From the French Revolution to WWI† King Louis XVI helped his country in many ways to prosperity. He wanted France to be the most powerful and influential nation. He was known as the â€Å"sun king†, which it’s meaning was that everyone evolved around him. The one thing that eventually was his downfall was that he was extremely devoted to wars for territory. He developed a huge army, improved technology for guns. He increased taxation because of the money he spent on developing his military. He eventually bankrupted France for his lack of financial budgeting, so to speak. There is a rise of a Parlament in France. The French Parlament is made of a group of Lawyers, Civil Servants, and Beaurocrats. They do not wish to let Louis to collect taxes, which is a â€Å"right† to him. So Louis issues an executive order to collect taxes. The estate’s general meet to discuss this situation. They came up with the â€Å"Cahiers†, or a list of 5 things that need to address: personal liberties or civil liberties guarantees, laws should come from the legislative body that represents entire population so they can move away from representation of limited population, development of a jury system for peasants so they can have fair treatment, freedom of the press, and abolition of unfair taxation because peasants were paying ridiculous amounts of taxes that it was extremely difficult for them to live off what money they had. Taxes consumed 80 % of their income. At this time, there were rumors that the King Louis was in Versailles and has a mercenary waiting to storm the estate’s general meeting. Then a mob gets together to attack the mercenary but unfortunately Lafayette calms the crowd. But it doesn’t help for the mob has later decided to arm themselves. The mob soon finds arms after many failed attempts at locating some, and then the mob turns ugly, rioting out of control. July 14, 1789, the French Revolution begins. On August 17, ... Free Essays on From The French Revolution To WWI Free Essays on From The French Revolution To WWI â€Å"From the French Revolution to WWI† King Louis XVI helped his country in many ways to prosperity. He wanted France to be the most powerful and influential nation. He was known as the â€Å"sun king†, which it’s meaning was that everyone evolved around him. The one thing that eventually was his downfall was that he was extremely devoted to wars for territory. He developed a huge army, improved technology for guns. He increased taxation because of the money he spent on developing his military. He eventually bankrupted France for his lack of financial budgeting, so to speak. There is a rise of a Parlament in France. The French Parlament is made of a group of Lawyers, Civil Servants, and Beaurocrats. They do not wish to let Louis to collect taxes, which is a â€Å"right† to him. So Louis issues an executive order to collect taxes. The estate’s general meet to discuss this situation. They came up with the â€Å"Cahiers†, or a list of 5 things that need to address: personal liberties or civil liberties guarantees, laws should come from the legislative body that represents entire population so they can move away from representation of limited population, development of a jury system for peasants so they can have fair treatment, freedom of the press, and abolition of unfair taxation because peasants were paying ridiculous amounts of taxes that it was extremely difficult for them to live off what money they had. Taxes consumed 80 % of their income. At this time, there were rumors that the King Louis was in Versailles and has a mercenary waiting to storm the estate’s general meeting. Then a mob gets together to attack the mercenary but unfortunately Lafayette calms the crowd. But it doesn’t help for the mob has later decided to arm themselves. The mob soon finds arms after many failed attempts at locating some, and then the mob turns ugly, rioting out of control. July 14, 1789, the French Revolution begins. On August 17, ...

The Islamic World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Islamic World - Essay Example r having a leader but he notes that it should be someone who is given divine help and majesty flowing from God since it is God who â€Å"chooses one member of the human race (Mulk, Pg. 1)† to lead others. Considering the opinion of those who claimed to be part of the kin of Muhammad, Tabari reports that Abbas said that, â€Å"the kin of God’s Messenger (Tabari, Pg. 1)† are best suited to lead Muslims. The clan of the prophet is thus supposed to give leaders to the Muslim world. On the other hand, figures such as Al-Husayn have been reported to suggest that leaders who cause strife and differences between groups of people are undesirable (Tabari [2]). Most importantly, it seems that there is a common thread between all the sources that power must be given to the person who has it, it cannot be taken by force. This gives a sort of democratic tint to the manner in which the leader of the Muslim world is supposed to be selected. The selection may come from a source which is divine or the groups of selectees may be limited to the clan of the prophet but it is not a process by which someone can usurp power. Even the first leader after Muhammad was willing to admit that he should be chastised if he were to stray from the right path. In essence, the first leader can be credited for creating a leadership position that is not unquestionable. Additionally, all sources consider the leader to have both a political and a religious role as the leader of all Muslims. Even though the followers have to give obedience to the leader, they can fight against him if they consider his actions to be against God or God’s messenger. From the sources as well as the information given about what a leader should be and where the leader should come from, it seems that the early Muslim society was certainly traumatic and in turmoil. Muhammad died without a clearly named successor and this creates a situation where every individual can give a personal criteria for what a leader should be as

How to make a new friends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to make a new friends - Essay Example Getting more out of the current relationship and meeting entirely new people can go a long way because many people find it uneasy to access potential new friends. According to â€Å"Better Health Channel† meeting new friends requires an individual to have lots of potential friends around them and make effort to know and understand them on a daily basis (Web). Pulling out of day-to-day routine is essential in meeting new friends especially by participating in hobbies or communities where one can naturally meet new people. Getting involved in people-oriented activities may help in knowing new people sharing many things in common as yours. Meeting someone new for the first time initially requires that you talk to them about common things such as weather, hobby, politics or a sporting event (Rubin Web). Initiating small talk naturally may help in giving a good impression to the person who will in turn be free to share with you because you are approachable. There must be a consistent style of contacting the person even after the first impression because meeting afterwards strengthens the relationship and enables the two becoming more close to each other. Another best way of maintaining a closer relationship is constant communication through cell phone and social networking although face to face is the sure way to improve relationship into a new friend. According to Rubin, inviting potential friends to do something together or hanging out and doing something outside of the situation you met may is an important experience in strengthening the relationship (Web). Although most people may find it a little hesitant to invite people out because it is a little scary at first and because of risk of rejection, it is not as bad as asking someone out on a date; it is much simpler. It also depends mostly on how you met since some people may be invited out fairly while others may be waited for a while, for example a month before